The Nature Handbook

Ernest H. Williams, Jr.

Oxford University Press

2005

Photo Information for Chapter 1, Flowers & Seeds

Fig. 1.1. Diverse floral shapes and colors:

(a) windflower, Anemone multifida; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 27 Jun 1977; EHW

(b) larkspur, Delphinium nuttallianum; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 8 Jul 1975; EHW

(c) glacier lily, Erythronium grandiflorum; Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 28 Jun 1975; EHW

(d) Indian paintbrush, Castilleja sp.; Cody-Southfork Rd, Park Co., WY; 17 Jun 1975; EHW

(e) fairyslipper orchid, Calypso bulbosa; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 5 Jun 1981; EHW

(f) blue penstemon, Penstemon cyaneus; Beartooth Mtns WY; 6 Jul 1979; EHW

(g) hibiscus, Hibiscus sp.; St. Thomas, VI; 1 Jul 2002; EHW

(h) wild passionflower, Passiflora incarnata; Huntingdon Beach St Pk, SC; 16 Jun 2002; EHW

Fig. 1.2. Flowers of composites:

(a) fleabane, Erigeron sp.; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 12 Jul 1974; EHW

(b) arrowleaf balsamroot, Balsamorhiza sagittata; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 1979; EHW

(c) dandelion, Taraxacum officinale; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 12 Jul 1974; EHW

(d) hoary chaenactis, Chaenactis douglasii; Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 14 Jul 1974; EHW

Fig. 1.3. Wind-pollinated flowers:

(a) smooth brome grass, Bromus inermis; Clinton, NY; mid June 2001; EHW

(b) maple, Acer sp.; Clinton, NY; 26 Apr 2001; EHW

(c) meadow rue, Thalictrum venulosum; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 10 Jul 1975; EHW

(d) sagebrush, Artemesia tridentate; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 2 Sep 1974; EHW

Fig. 1.4. Skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus; Clinton, NY; 10 Apr 2001; EHW

Fig. 1.5. Montane meadow; Beartooth Mtns, Park Co., WY:

(a) 27 Jun 1975 (mostly spring beauties, Claytonialanceolata); ; EHW

(b) 27 Jul 1975 (mostly sticky geranium, Geranium viscosissimum, and lupine, Lupinus spp.); EHW

(c) 6 Sep 1975 (mostly yampah, Perideridia gairdneri); EHW

(d) data from an alpine meadow, 1980; EHW

Fig. 1.6. Flowers of the eastern forest floor (NY):

(a) large white trillium, Trillium grandiflorum; Clinton, NY; early May 2002; EHW

(b) spring beauty, Claytonia virginica; Clinton, NY; 4 May 2003; EHW

(c) round-leaved hepatica, Hepatica americana; Clinton, NY; 17 Apr 2002; EHW

(d) bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis; Clinton, NY; 30 Apr 2003; EHW

(e) trout lily, Erythronium americanum; Clinton, NY; late Apr 2001; EHW

(f) Dutchman’s breeches, Dicentra cucullaria; Wellesley, MA; 1978; EHW

Fig. 1.7. Seeds and fruits blown by wind:

(a) common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca; Clinton, NY; 16 Oct 2001; EHW

(b) goatsbeard, Tragopogon pratensis; Dead Indian Hill, Park Co., WY; 27 Jul 2002; EHW

(c) bull thistle, Cirsium vulgare; Clinton, NY; 31 Aug 2002; EHW

(d) red maple, Acer rubrum; Big Moose Lk, NY; 2 Aug 2002; EHW

Fig. 1.8. Seeds in floral structures that attach:

(a) burdock, Arctium minus; Clinton, NY; 15 Sep 2001; EHW

(b) many-flowered stickseed, Hackeliafloribunda; Dead Indian Hill, Park Co., WY; 27 Jul 2002; EHW

(c) sandbur, Cenchrus longispinus; Rome Sand Plains, Oneida Co., NY; 6 Sep 2003; EHW

Fig. 1.9. Seeds in fleshy fruits:

(a) American mountain-ash, Sorbus americana; Whiteface Mtn, NY; 29 Sep 2002; EHW

(b) honeysuckle, Lonicera sp., and raspberry, Rubus sp.; Utica Marsh, Oneida Co., NY; 20 Jul 2001; EHW

(c) winterberry holly, Ilex verticellata; Piseco Lk., Hamilton Co., NY; 8 Nov 2002; EHW

Fig. 1.10. Nuts stored by small mammals:

(a) acorns of northern red oak, Quercus rubra; Clinton, NY; 31 Oct 2002; EHW

(b) nuts of bitternut hickory, Caryacordiformis; Clinton, NY; 14 Oct 2002; EHW

Fig. 1.11. Flower pods with ballistic seeds:

(a) orange jewelweed, Impatiens capensis; Clinton, NY; 8 Sep 2002; EHW

(b) orange jewelweed with exploded and unexploded pods and seeds; Clinton, NY; Sep 2003; EHW

(c) wild geranium, Geraniummaculatum; David Liebman

Fig. 1.12. Twisting seeds of needlegrass, Stipa spartea:

(a) seed and awn; MN; 2003; Jennifer Winkelman

(b) seedhead; MN; 2003; Jennifer Winkelman