The Nature Handbook

Ernest H. Williams, Jr.

Oxford University Press

2005

Photo Information for Chapter 4, Color & Pattern

Fig. 4.1. Some of the pigmented colors seen in nature:

(a) lupine, likely Lupinus argenteus; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 1979 ; EHW

(b) Canada warbler, Wilsonia canadensis; Roger Rageot

(c) Milbert’s tortoiseshell butterfly, Nymphalis milberti; Kananaskis region, AB; 21 Jul 2003; EHW

(d) painted turtle, Chrysemys picta; Utica Marsh, Oneida Co., NY; 30 Apr 2003; EHW

Fig. 4.2. Albinos:

(a) white house or lab mouse, Mus musculus; Clinton, NY; 9 Jul 2003; EHW

(b) northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens; Allen Blake Sheldon

(c) American robin, Turdus migratorius; S.J. Lang/VIREO

Fig. 4.3. Iridescence:

(a) shell of abalone, Haliotis sp.; collection date and location unknown; EHW

(b) Karner blue butterfly, Plebejus melissa samuelis; Monroe Co., WI; Allen Blake Sheldon

(c) bark-gnawing beetle, Temnochila virescens; David Liebman

Fig. 4.4. female glowworm beetle, Phengodes plumose; David Liebman

Fig. 4.5. Examples of cryptic coloration:

(a) tulip-tree beauty moth, Epimecis hortaria; John Himmelman

(b) pika, Ochotona princeps; Beartooth Mtns, WY; 2 Jul 1991; EHW

Fig. 4.6. Light and dark patterns:

(a) desert cottontail rabbit, Sylvilagus auduboni; Merced wetlands, CA; Dennis Sheridan

(b) sulphur butterflies, (top to bottom); EHW:

darker alpine species (Colias meadii); Beartooth Mtns, WY; _______

lighter low elevation species (Colias philodice); ___________

darker northern species (Colias nastes); Kananaskis region, AB; ______

(c) melanistic zooplankton (mostly Daphnia middendorffiana and Diaptomus shoshone); Beartooth Mtns, WY; 6 Aug 2001; EHW

Fig. 4.7. Examples of countershading:

(a) yellow perch, Perca flavescens; David Liebman

(b) sanderling, Calidris alba; A. Morris/VIREO

Fig. 4.8. Spots and stripes

(a) whitetail deer fawn, Odocoileus virginianus; Roger Rageot

(b) raccoon, Procyon lotor; David Liebman

Fig, 4.9. Disruptive patterning:

(a) northern copperhead snake, Agkistrodon contortrix; Roger Rageot

(b) white admiral butterfly, Limenitis arthemis arthemis; Powley Rd, Hamilton Co., NY; 7 Jul 2003; EHW

Fig. 4.10. Flash coloration:

(a) band-winged grasshopper; Cody, WY; 13 Aug 2003; EHW

(b) oldwife underwing moth, Catocalapalaeogama; John Himmelman

Fig. 4.11. Eyespots:

(a) male Io moth, Automeris io; Leroy Simon

(b) foureye butterfly fish, Chaetodon capistratus; Richard Nickson

Fig. 4.12. False heads:

(a) banded hairstreak, Satyrium calanus; John Himmelman

(b) caterpillar of spicebush swallowtail, Papilio troilus; David Liebman

Fig. 4.13. Warning coloration:

(a) milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus fasciatus; David Liebman

(b) striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis;Len Rue, Jr.

(c) saddleback caterpillar, Acharia stimulea; David Liebman

Fig. 4.14. Mimicry:

(a) America hover fly, Metasyrphus americanus; Allen Blake Sheldon

(b) pipevine swallowtail butterfly, Battus philenor; Leroy Simon

(c) female Eastern tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucus; David Liebman

(d) red-spotted purple, Limenitis arthemis astyanax; Allen Blake Sheldon

(e) female black swallowtail, Papilio polyxenes; David Liebman

(f) spicebush swallowtail, Papilio troilus; Leroy Simon

Fig. 4.15. Disguise:

(a) greater angle-wing katydid, Microcentrum rhombifolium; John Himmelman

 (b) thorn bugs; Roger Rageot

Fig. 4.16. Appearances resembling bird-droppings:

(a) caterpillar of giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes; David Liebman

(b) white-ribboned carpet moth, Mesoleuca ruficillata; John Himmelman

Fig. 4.17. Possible cases of aggressive mimicry:

(a) zone-tailed hawk, Buteo albonotatus; Santa Barbara, CA; Dec 1996; Hugh Smith

(b) robber fly, Laphria maquarti; Edward Ross

Fig. 4.18. Seasonal forms: (a) darker spring (top); _________

lighter summer (lower) forms of the mustard white, Pieris napi; _______; EHW

(b) lighter summer (top)

darker spring (lower) forms of pearl crescent butterflies, Phyciodes tharos; _______; EHW

Fig. 4.19. Winter white coloration:

(a) snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus; Len Rue, Jr.

(b) long-tailed weasel, Mustela frenata; Leonard Lee Rue III

Fig. 4.20. Banded hair:

(a) Eastern gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis; Clinton, NY; 25 Oct 2002; EHW

(b) coat of domestic cat, Felis catus; Clinton, NY; 8 Sep 2002; EHW

(c) coat of yellow-bellied marmots, Marmota flaviventris; Yellowstone Nat’l Pk, WY; 9 Jul 1989; EHW

Fig. 4.21. Reflective eyes:

(a) white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus; Clinton, NY; 31 Jul 2003; EHW

(b) domestic cat, Felis domesticus; Clinton, NY; _______; EHW

(c) human, Homo sapiens; Clinton, NY; ____; EHW