The Nature Handbook

Ernest H. Williams, Jr.

Oxford University Press

2005

References for Chapter 1, Flowers & Seeds

Altshuler, D.L. 2001. Ultraviolet reflectance in fruits, ambient light composition and fruit reward in a tropical forest. Evol. Ecol. Res. 3:767-778.

Armbruster, W.S. 1982. Seed production and dispersal in Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae): divergent patterns and ecological consequences. Amer. J. Bot. 69:1429-1440.

Bleher, B., & K. Bohning-Gaese. 2001. Consequences of frugivore diversity for seed dispersal, seedling establishmenrt and the spatial pattern of seedlings and trees. Oecologia 129:385-394.

Brody, A.K. 1997. Effects of pollinators, herbivores, and seed predators on flowering phenology. Ecology 78:1624-1631.

Brown, L. 1979. Grasses: An Identification Guide. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.

Burns, K.C., & J.L. Dalen. 2002. Foliage color contrasts and adaptive fruit color variation in a bird-dispersed plant community. Oikos 96:463-469.

Culley, T.M., S.G. Weller, & A.K. Sakai. 2002. The evolution of wind pollination in angiosperms. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17:361-369.

Darley-Hill, S., & W.C. Johnson. 1981. Acorn dispersal by the blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata). Oecologia 50:231-232.

Faegri, K., & L. van der Pijl. 1979. The Principle of Pollination Ecology, 3rd ed. Pergamon Press, London.

Gamberale-Stille, G., & B.S. Tullberg. 2001. Fruit or aposematic insect? Context-dependent colour preferences in domestic chicks. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 268:2525-2529.

Garland, M.S. 1997. Watching Nature: A Mid-Atlantic Natural History. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Havera, S.P., & K.E. Smith. 1979. A nutritional comparison of selected fox squirrel (Sciurus niger rufiventer) foods. J. Wildlife Managem. 43:691-704.

Heinrich, B. 1976. Flowering phenologies: Bog, woodland, and disturbed habitats. Ecology 57:890-899.

Hensen, I., & C. Mueller. 1997. Experimental and structural investigations of anemochorous dispersal. Plant Ecol. 133:169-180.

Hou, J.Q., & G.M. Simpson. 1992. The adaptive significance of awns and hairs in grasses. J. Biol. Educ. 26:10-11.

Johnson, W.C., & C.S. Adkisson. 1986. Airlifting the oaks. Nat. Hist. (Oct 1986):41-46.

Johnson, J.R., & J.T. Nichols. 1982. Plants of South Dakota Grasslands: A Photographic Study. Bull. 566, Agr. Ext. Sta., South Dakota State Univ., Brookings, SD.

Kevan, P.G. 1989. How honey bees forage for pollen at skunk cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus (Araceae). Apidologie 20:485-490.

LeBuhn, G. 1997. Timing is everything: new perspectives on floral phenology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12:4-5.

Marchand, P.J. 2000. First with a flower. Nat. Hist. (Mar 2000): 12-13.

McEvoy, P.B. 1984. Dormancy and dispersal in dimorphic achenes of tansy ragwort, Senecio jacobea (Compositae). Oecologia 61:160-168.

Motten, A.F. 1986. Pollination ecology of the spring wildflower community of a temperate deciduous forest. Ecol. Monogr. 56:21-42.

Nathan, R., et al. 2002. Mechanisms of long-distance dispersal of seeds by wind. Nature 418:409-413.

Ollerton, J., & A.J. Lack. 1992. Flowering phenology: An example of relaxation of natural selection? Trends Ecol. Evol. 7:274-276.

Raven, P.H., R.F. Evert, & S.E. Eichhorn. 1999. Biology of Plants, 6th ed. W.H. Freeman and Co., NY.

Seymour, R.S. 1997. Plants that warm themselves. Sci. Amer. 276:104-109.

Seymour, R.S., & A.J. Blaylock. 1999. Switching off the heater: Influence of ambient temperature on thermoregulation by eastern skunk cabbage Symplocarpus foetidus. J. Exp. Bot. 50:1525-1532.

Smith, C.C., & O.J. Reichman. 1984. The evolution of food caching by birds and mammals. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15:329-351.

Sork, V.L. 1983. Mammalian seed dispersal of pignut hickory during three fruiting season. Ecology 64:1049-1056.

Stamp, N.E. 1984. Self-burial behaviour of Erodium cicutarium seeds. J. Ecol. 72:611-620.

Stamp, N.E., & J.R. Lucas. 1983. Ecological correlates of explosive seed dispersal. Oecologia 59:272-278.

Stokes, D.W. 1981. The Natural History of Wild Shrubs and Vines. Harper & Row, NY.

Vasseur, L., R.L. Guscott, & P.J. Mudie. 2001. Monitoring of spring flower phenology in Nova Scotia: comparison over the last century. Northeast. Nat. 8:393-402.

Velcro USA, Inc. 2003. The story of hook & loop. www.Velcro.com.

Wang, B.C., & T.B. Smith. 2002. Closing the seed dispersal loop. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17:379-385.

Wenny, D.G. 2001. Advantages of seed dispersal: A re-evaluation of directed dispersal. Evol. Ecol. Res. 3:51-74.

Willson, M.F., & C.J. Whelan. 1990. The evolution of fruit color in fleshy-fruited plants. Amer. Nat. 136:790-809.

Zagt, R.J., & M.J.A. Werger. 1997. Spatial components of dispersal and survival for seeds and seedlings of two codominant tree species in the tropical rain forest of Guyana. Trop. Ecol. 38:343-355.