Benson, Linda and Ingvar Svanberg, China’s Last Nomads: The History and Culture of China’s Kazaks. Armonk, NY, 1998. Very accessible book on a rarely-studied group. Includes an excellent discussion of Chinese Communist nationality policies, pp. 88–94.

Benson, L. The Ili Rebellion: the Moslem challenge to Chinese authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1990. A book-length study of the second Eastern Turkestan Republic.

Forbes, Andrew D. W. Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Very thoroughly-researched survey of the 1911–1949 period, with an emphasis on tensions between Muslim communities. He gives too much weight to rumors of Soviet conspiracies, however.

Mackerras, Colin. China’s minorities: integration and modernization in the twentieth century. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1994.   A basic overview of Chinese Communist nationality policies. The text is not easy to follow.

Millward, James A. Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Colombia University Press, 2007. The only comprehensive survey of Xinjiang history, based on extensive knowledge of primary sources. Can be very dense reading for undergraduates.

Rudelson, Justin. Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China’s Silk Road. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. An anthropological study of identity in post-Mao Xinjiang. Brief, clear, and very good for classroom use.

Starr, S. Frederick, ed. Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2004.  A collection of articles on topics from politics to public health and environmental issues. Good resource for the classroom.