Neuroscience is the multidisciplinary study of the nervous system, with the aim of understanding the biological basis of behavior. The study of neuroscience at Hamilton College began as a psychobiology concentration in 1976 and was one of the first undergraduate concentrations in that area of study. The Interdisciplinary Concentration in Neuroscience is currently administered jointly by the Department of Psychology and Department of Biology. The requirements for the concentration include 12 courses from the Departments of Biology, Chemistry, and Psychology.

Every concentrator undertakes a senior research project that culminates in a thesis and an oral presentation. Some of the best students in neuroscience participate in the Senior Fellowship Program, in which up to seven students at the College are selected to undertake a major research project for their senior year under the supervision of at least two members of the faculty. Senior Fellows have studied integration of sensory information by single neurons, evoked potential correlates of cognitive processing, brain mechanisms of reward, and tactile psychophysics.